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Black Holes & Related Phenomena

, What Is a Black Hole

 
 
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> Black Holes & Related Phenomena, What Is a Black Hole
kallubhai4u
post Sep 12 2005, 12:05 PM
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hi wave1.gif
this is what Visuja had asked 4 & i m delivering it now. hope it'll satisfy his needs.

If a ball is thrown upwards from the surface of the Earth it reaches a certain height and then falls back. The harder it is thrown, the higher it goes. Laplace calculated the height it would reach for a given initial speed. He found that the height increased faster than the speed, so that the height became very large for a not very great speed. At a speed of 40000 km/h (25000 mph, only 20 times faster than Concorde) the height becomes very great indeed - it tends to infinity, as the mathematician would say. This speed is called the `escape velocity' from the surface of the Earth, and is the speed which must be achieved if a space craft is to reach the Moon or any of the planets. Being a mathematician, Laplace solved the problem for all round bodies, not just the Earth.

He found a very simple formula for the escape velocity. This formula says that small but massive objects have large escape velocities. For example if the Earth could be squeezed and made four times smaller, the escape velocity would need to be twice as large. This surprisingly simple derivation gives exactly the same answer as is obtained from the full theory of relativity.

Light travels at just over 1000 million km/h (670 million mph), and in 1905 Albert Einstein proved in the Special Theory of Relativity that nothing can travel faster than light. The above Laplace formula can be turned around to tell us what radius an object must have if the escape velocity from its surface is to be the speed of light. This particular radius is called the `Schwarzschild radius' in honour of the German astronomer who first derived it from Einstein's theory of gravity (General Theory of Relativity). The formula tells us that the Schwarzschild radius for the Earth is less than a centimetre, compared with its actual radius of 6357 km.

the source of this info is a site mentioned below:-
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/black2.html

some more coming up soon. huh.gif
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kallubhai4u
post Sep 12 2005, 12:09 PM
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this time i've collected something called Gravitational Lensing. so read & njoy( the source beinghttp://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/black4.html ).

Another consequence of the influence of Einstein's gravitation on light is that gravitational masses can alter the direction of light and cause lensing effects. The adjacent Hubble Space Telescope image shows a spectacular example of such a Gravitational Lens. Click on the image for an enlarged view and a more detailed discussion. The arc-like pattern spread across the picture like a spider web is an illusion caused by the gravitational field of the cluster. The arcs are actually distorted images of very distant galaxies that are being imaged by the gravitational lens: The cluster is so massive and compact that light rays passing through it are deflected by its enormous gravitational field, much as an optical lens bends light to form an image. The figure also reveals multiple imaging, a rarer lensing event that happens when the distortion is large enough to produce more than one image of the same galaxy.
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visuja
post Sep 12 2005, 12:15 PM
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Dear Kallubhai4u,

I'll be posting a query regarding this 'lens' effect at the Education World thread soon. Will give the link here.

Vivek
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kallubhai4u
post Sep 12 2005, 12:17 PM
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this time its a very common astro thing known to all of us as Escape Velocity. ur support will boost up my morale & lead me to post more of such things.

If even light energy does not travel fast enough to escape (and nothing can travel faster), then no signals of any kind can escape and the object would be `black'. The only indication of the presence of such an object is the pull of its gravity. Away from the surface this is just the same as if an ordinary object of the same mass were there. The presence of gravity means that objects can fall into it, and hence `hole'.

So, a black hole is an object which is so compact that the escape velocity from its surface is greater than the speed of light. The following table lists escape velocities and Schwarzchild radii for some objects:

Attached Image

The speed of light is 299,792.458 km/sec (186,000 miles/sec). 11 km/sec is equivalent to 40,000 km/h (or 25,000 mph), 147,000,000 km is almost equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit round the Sun.

the source is http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/black5.html .
thats it 4 the moment.
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kallubhai4u
post Sep 12 2005, 12:22 PM
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hi, i've told 'bout Black Holes....& now i would tell u Where Might We Find Black Holes?. here is how it goes.

(source: http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/black6.html )

It is impossible to observe a black hole directly and so any black hole candidates have to be identified by their effect on the matter surrounding them. If no other explanation for the observed phenomena is valid then it is likely that a black hole is present. There are some objects that are good candidates for the presence of a black hole.


Any star shines and survives because the pull of gravity, which is trying to compress it, just balances the pressure generated by the nuclear furnace at its centre, which is trying to expand it. Once the furnace runs out of fuel, which must eventually happen, the pressure decreases, loses its battle with gravity, and the star collapses. Astronomers believe that one of only three things can happen to a star in this situation, depending on its mass. A star less massive than the Sun collapses until it forms a `white dwarf', with a radius of only a few thousand kilometers. If the star has between one and four times the mass of the Sun, it can produce a `neutron star', with a radius of just a few kilometers, and such a star might be recognised as a `pulsar'. The relatively few stars with greater than four times the mass of the Sun cannot avoid collapsing within their Schwarzschild radii and becoming black holes. So, black holes may be the corpses of massive stars.

Most astronomers believe that galaxies like the Milky Way were formed from a large cloud of gas which collapsed and broke up into individual stars. We now see the stars packed together most tightly in the centre, or nucleus. It is possible that at the very centre there was too much matter to form an ordinary star, or that the stars which did form were so close to each other that they coalesced to form a black hole. It is therefore argued that really massive black holes, equivalent to a hundred million stars like the Sun, could exist at the centre of some galaxies.
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visuja
post Sep 12 2005, 12:28 PM
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dear kallubhai4u,

excellent info on black holes. do also give links or tell us the original source from where you are giving the info. We could then refer to original source for more detailed information. Thanks smile1.gif

I have posted a query related to the 'lens' effect by strong gravitational fields at this link: Query. Please take a look.

Vivek
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kallubhai4u
post Sep 12 2005, 02:30 PM
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hi wave1.gif

dont u guys have some questions to ask me? if not then u can xpect me to write again & again.

this time i've collected an article frm http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/black7.html and its anice one. so read it so that u can njoy it.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How Might We See Black Holes?

Because black holes are small, and no signals escape from them, it might seem an impossible task to find them. However, the force of gravity remains, so if we detect gravity where there is no visible source of light then a black hole may be responsible. This type of argument, by itself, is not very convincing, and so we must look for other clues. If there is other material around a black hole which might fall into it, then it will. There is then a good chance that as it falls it will produce some detectable signal not from the black hole itself, but from just outside it.

Most stars are not single, like the Sun, but are found in pairs, small groups or large clusters. If a pair of stars have different masses then the more massive one will burn up its nuclear fuel and may become a black hole, whilst the other remains a normal star consuming its fuel more slowly. Gas can then be sucked from the star into the black hole. The gas becomes very hot, with a temperature of millions of degrees, and will shine not with visible light but with X-rays. These X-rays will have an observable effect on the light output from the ordinary star. Since the star and black hole go round each other every few days, we might expect to see regular variations in the brightness and X-ray output.

There are some X-ray sources which have all the properties described above. Unfortunately it is impossible to distinguish between a black hole and a neutron star unless we can prove that the mass of the unseen component is too great for a neutron star. Strong evidence was found by Royal Greenwich Observatory astronomers that one of these sources called Cyg X-1 (which means the first X-ray source discovered in the constellation of Cygnus) does indeed contain a black hole. Things are rather different if there is a massive black hole in the centre of a galaxy. It is possible there for a star to be swallowed by the black hole. The pull of gravity on such a star will be so strong as to break it up into its component atoms, and throw them out at high speed in all directions. Some of the fragments will fall into the hole, increasing its mass, whilst others could produce an outburst of radio waves, light and X-rays. Evidence for such behavior may be found in the section on Active Galaxies.

This is just the behaviour which is observed in galaxies of the type called `Quasars' and may well be happening in a milder way in the centre of our own Milky Way.

i m xpecting ur support. thats all 4 the time being...some more coming soon.
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kallubhai4u
post Sep 12 2005, 02:47 PM
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hi again, now lets see the behaviour of light in gravitational fields( the source beinghttp://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/black3.html )

It might seem surprising that light can be thought of as behaving like rocket ships and cricket balls! It was Einstein who showed that light can be considered as a collection of particles, called photons, which have mass, or more correctly energy, by virtue of the famous formula E = Mc^2 relating energy E and mass M. Photons always travel at the same speed, i.e. the speed of light, but when moving away from a gravitating object they lose energy and, to an external observer, appear to be redder. It is this `red-shift' which means that photons from a black hole ultimately lose all their energy and become completely invisible. Indeed, light in the vicinity of such strong gravitational fields exhibits quite bizarre behavior. Here are links to some movies illustrating virtual trips to black holes and neutron stars.
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kallubhai4u
post Sep 22 2005, 03:32 PM
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hi everybody, nothing to post now as i m not getting enough support & response. pliz put some queries/replies/whatever.
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imjagdish
post Sep 27 2005, 11:56 PM
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QUOTE(kallubhai4u @ Sep 22 2005, 03:32 PM) *

hi everybody, nothing to post now as i m not getting enough support & response. pliz put some queries/replies/whatever.
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I do not study too much of black holes. However, there are several theories related to black holes. One is theorised by Stephen Hawking (as most of you would be aware of)...On the other hand, last year a professor from The Ohio State University (Dr. Samir Mathur) contradicted Hawkings theory. Interested ppl can google search or chk the www.osu.edu for relevant details.

"It would be possible to describe everything scientifically, but it would make no sense; it would be without meaning, as if you described a Beethoven symphony as a variation of wave pressure." -- Albert Einstein
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zashakeel
post Oct 8 2005, 02:48 PM
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QUOTE(kallubhai4u @ Sep 12 2005, 12:17 PM) *

this time its a very common astro thing known to all of us as Escape Velocity. ur support will boost up my morale & lead me to post more of such things.

If even light energy does not travel fast enough to escape (and nothing can travel faster), then no signals of any kind can escape and the object would be `black'. The only indication of the presence of such an object is the pull of its gravity. Away from the surface this is just the same as if an ordinary object of the same mass were there. The presence of gravity means that objects can fall into it, and hence `hole'.

So, a black hole is an object which is so compact that the escape velocity from its surface is greater than the speed of light. The following table lists escape velocities and Schwarzchild radii for some objects:

Attached Image

The speed of light is 299,792.458 km/sec (186,000 miles/sec). 11 km/sec is equivalent to 40,000 km/h (or 25,000 mph), 147,000,000 km is almost equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit round the Sun.

the source is http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/violence/black5.html .
thats it 4 the moment.
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Source: http://islam.speed-light.info/relativity_quran.htm#Pulsar

Speed of Light a constant at 299792.5 km/s
Einstein's theory of special relativity states that the speed of light in vacuum (outside matter and gravitational fields) is always the same (at 299,792.458 km/s). Moslems say that this is what Allah says. It is stated in the Koran that light travels in one day the same distance that the moon travels in 12000 lunar orbits. And since velocity = distance / time, a simple calculation reveals the speed of light in vacuum to be 299792.5 Km/s:

Moslems (Muslims) believe that angels are low mass creatures, and that God created them originally from light. They move at any speed from zero up to the speed of light. It is the angels who carry out God's orders. Those angels take their orders from a Preserved Tablet somewhere in outer space near Earth, and not form God's Throne. They commute to and from this Preserved Tablet to get their orders from God. In the following verse, the Quran is describing how angels travel when they commute to and from this Tablet. And the speed at which they commute to and from this Tablet turned out to be the known speed of light:

[Quran 32.5] (Allah) Rules the cosmic affair from the heavens to the Earth. Then this affair travels to Him a distance in one day, at a measure of one thousand years of what you count.

It is the angels who carryout these orders (see why Arabic wording refers to distance at footnote [1]). Hence in 1 day, the angels will travel a distance of 1000 years of what they counted. Those people back then followed the lunar calendar and counted 12 months each year. These months are related to the moon and not related to the sun. Since this verse is referring to distance, then Allah is saying that angels travel in one day the same distance that the moon travels in 12000 lunar orbits. This speed turned out to the known speed of light.

To verify this we can simply convert both distances and associated times to velocities and then compare them:

Distance = Velocity x Time Þ Velocity = Distance / Time

Therefore, we can calculate the velocity of those angels and then compare it to the known speed of light.

Time:
This table below shows the lunar month and the terrestrial day in both sidereal system (relative to the stars) and synodic (relative to the sun):

Period
Synodic (relative to sun)
Sidereal (relative to the stars)

Terrestrial day t
24 hours = 86400 sec
23 h 56 min 4.0906 sec = 86164.0906 sec

Lunar Month T
29.53059 days
27.321661 days = 655.71986 hours


NASA uses the sidereal system (relative to stars) for defining the lunar orbit, lunar month (T), the terrestrial day (t) and for calculating the velocity of the moon. Similarly, Moslems use the sidereal system (relative to stars) in their proof.

Distance:
So the formula as proposed by Allah is:

Distance traveled by angels in one day = 12000 x Distance traveled by moon during one orbit

And since Distance = Velocity x Time:

Þ C t = 12000 Vo T

Where:

C
Is the velocity of angels, which we intend to calculate and then compare to the known speed of light (no external forces, no acceleration, no deceleration).

t
Is the sidereal terrestrial day defined as the time of one rotation of the Earth about its axis (relative to the stars); i.e. 23 hr, 56 min, 4.0906 sec = 86164.0906sec.

Vo
Is the inertial velocity of the moon (no external forces, no acceleration, no deceleration); which we intend to calculate.

T
Is the sidereal lunar month defined as the time of one revolution of the moon around Earth (relative to the stars); i.e. 27.321661 days = 655.71986 hours.


(see how gravity affects those times and distances, according to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, at footnote [2])

Velocity of the Moon:
Unlike the speed of light, the velocity of the moon is not constant. NASA measured the spontaneous velocity of the moon at various instances throughout its orbit. These measurements show that the velocity of the moon varies considerably (from 3470 km/hr up to 3873 km/hr); which means that the moon accelerates and then decelerates continuously. The average lunar velocity is Vavg = 3682 km/hr. Most astronomy textbooks calculate this value manually by the following method:

Velocity = Distance / Time = Length of lunar orbit / Time

As the Earth goes around the sun, the whole moon’s orbit travels along with Earth. This makes the moon travel in a much longer spiral path; But this is not the length of the lunar orbit relative to Earth. The lunar orbit relative to Earth is an ellipse having an average radius R = 384267 km. So, the length (L) of this elliptical orbit relative to Earth is:

L = 2 π R

V = L / T Þ V = 2 π R / T

Substituting R = 384267 km and T = sidereal lunar month = 655.71986 hr:

V = (2 x 3.l4l593 x 384267) / 655.71986 = 3682.092 km/hr

Although this velocity is correct relative to Earth, this velocity is under the influence of the gravitational pull of the sun:

299,792.458 km/s is the speed of light for observers outside gravitational fields. But the velocity of light appears to vary with the intensity of the gravitational field (See proof at footnote [3]). Since we are comparing the speed of angels with the speed of light outside gravitational fields, therefore for any meaningful comparison we have to calculate the velocity of the moon around Earth outside gravitational fields as well before comparing them:

In the isolated Earth-moon system (Earth-moon orbiting away from the effects of the gravitational field of the sun) the moon orbits Earth at a constant tangential speed, and the lunar orbit is a perfect circle with Earth at the center. But as the intensity of the gravitational field of the sun increases (Earth-moon orbits closer to the sun) the moon acquires velocity from the gravitational field of the sun. As the moon heads to the sun it speeds up, and as the moon heads away from the sun it slows down. Consequently, the moon's average orbital speed increases, the length of the lunar orbit increases, the average orbital radius increases and the lunar orbit becomes an ellipse with Earth no more at the center.

We can calculate the velocity of the moon relative to Earth outside gravitational fields from the current astronomical data we have on hand: The Earth-moon system covers an angle ø around the sun each cycle (sidereal lunar month). Without the gravitational fields of the sun and distant stars (isolated system) the lunar orbit cannot change direction but rather floats in a straight path to distant stars. But due to the gravitational field of the sun, the lunar obit is changing direction every cycle by this angle ø with respect to distant stars.

Original Direction to Stars

Lunar Orbit

The lunar orbit changes direction with respect to stars by the same angle it orbits the sun.

ø
ø
Sun
New Direction

This change in direction is actually acceleration caused by the gravitational field of the sun. This acceleration is also causing the lunar orbit to be elliptical instead of a perfectly circular one.

"Velocity" has a certain value and a certain direction (vector), while "mass", for example, has only a certain value (scalar). In the isolated Earth-moon system, the moon's isolated mean velocity remains in the original direction with respect to stars. But in the compounded system, the moon's compounded mean velocity changes direction by angle ø with respect to stars each cycle around Earth. This is because the moon's mean velocity (V) is the vectorial sum of mean velocity in the isolated Earth-moon system (V') plus the velocity acquired form the gravitational fields of the sun and distant stars:


ø
V' = V cosine Ø
Mean Velocity
in isolated system




V sine Ø
ø
Mean velocity V = Mean velocity in the isolated Earth-moon system (Vcosø) plus the velocity acquired form the gravitational fields of the sun and distant stars (Vsineø)
Original Direction
to Stars
Mean Velocity V


Earth
New Direction after one cycle

(See proof at footnote [4])

The lunar velocity relative to Earth is V; But due to the acceleration by the sun and distant stars, it's direction is changing every cycle by angle Ø; hence the lunar velocity in the isolated Earth-moon system guided by stars is:

V' = V Cosine Ø


The moon was formed by a collision with Earth, so it's isolated mean velocity came from a reaction force from Earth, not from it's gravity. But if we further remove the gravitational field of Earth (vacuum), the moon will travel in a straight path to distant stars at the same tangential velocity V' relative to Earth.

Vo = V' = V cosø

Where Vo is the velocity of the moon relative to Earth outside all gravitational fields; V is the velocity of the moon relative to Earth inside gravitational fields; and ø is the angle traveled by the Earth-moon system around the sun during this lunar month.

Speed of Angels:
So finally we can calculate the speed of angels in vacuum and compare it to the known speed of light in vacuum 299792.458 km/s:

C t = 12000 Vo T

And Vo = V cosø

C t = 12000 V cosø T

C = (12000 V cosø T) / t

Substituting the NASA sidereal values of the periods T and t (from above table); ø is 26.9295 degrees and could be manually calculated at this footnote [5]; cosø = 0.8915645, we arrive at the velocity of angels as claimed in the Koran:

C = (12000 x 3682.092 x 0.8915645 x 655.71986) / 86164.0906

C = 299792.5 km/s


Exactly the known speed of light!!!

Moslems ask how could an illiterate man who lived 1400 years ago have figured out the velocity of the moon relative to the speed of light?

[Quran 10.5] It is He (Allah) who made the sun to shine and the moon to light, and destined it in stages; that you may learn to count the years and the mathematics. Allah only created this in truth. He details His Signs for those who are knowledgeable (scientists).

The equation in the Koran is true in the isolated system for all observers in different gravitational fields (they too have to step out of there respective gravitational fields because in stronger gravitational fields time dilation and length contraction kicks in).

The equation in the Koran is true in the isolated system:

c = 12000 L' / t' = 12000 2 π R' / t'

As Earth's rotation slows down (day gets longer) the moon recedes (R' increases and t' increases). But due to a fundamental law in astrophysics, the ratio R' / t' remains the same, that is R' / t' is a constant equal to 3.976120966 (R' / t' = R cosø / t'). This makes the equation in the Koran c=12000L'/t' to be composed only of constants, with no variables.

This equation has been true ever since the moon first lost some mass: 4.5 billion years ago the moon was formed by a collision with Earth. A planet collided with Earth; as the hot debris recoiled it sucked vaporized water and some gases from Earth's atmosphere. This debris clustered to form the moon. But the moon couldn't maintain those gases because it's gravity was extremely weak (the moon back then was 170 times it's current size by volume and Earth was 280 times it's current size by volume; not by mass). Since the moon's gravity was too weak, the moon lost those gases along with some debris (about 17% of it's initial mass) and settled in orbit without this mass. The equation in the Koran has been true ever since the moon first lost this mass, that is, since the early creation of the Earth-moon system; is true today and as the moon continues to recede this equation in the Koran will always be true. Thanks to Dr. M. Doudah: Preserved dynamics of Earth-moon since system birth

See how angels can reach anywhere in the universe before you finish reading this sentence: Wormholes (Below)

(see the problem of Christians with the speed of light at footnote [6])

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Time Dilation
Surprisingly, Moslems use another formula to reveal that angels indeed accelerate up to the speed of light. Their Koran states another verse in which angels traveling at a certain velocity, appear to experience slower time than humans. But this agrees with Einstein’s theory of special relativity, which says that a faster moving object appears to experience slower time. Moslems use Einstein’s theory of relativity with this verse from the Koran to assert that angels indeed accelerate up to the speed of light:

[Quran 70.4] The angels and the Spirit ascend to Him in a day, the measure of which is fifty thousand years.

Here angels will experience 1 day while humans will measure it as 50,000 years. However, according to the theory of special relativity, given this time difference (time dilation), we can calculate the speed at which that object traveled. We can verify if those angels really accelerate up to the speed of light, as claimed by Moslems, or not. Moslems say that since this claim can be verified in two minutes, then there is absolutely no need for blind faith:

It was not a Moslem but a Jew, Albert Einstein, who defined the famous theory of special relativity. According to this theory, space, time, and mass are not constant values; they change depending on the speed of that moving object. As the velocity of that object increases its time appears to elapse slower. Mathematically it is:


(Where ∆to is the time measured for a mover by a mover; ∆t is the time measured for a mover by a stationary frame; v is the velocity of the mover relative to the stationary observer):

∆to is the time experienced by angels (1 day).

∆t is the time as measured by humans (50,000 years x 365 days/year).

v is the velocity of angels in this case (which we intend to calculate and then compare to the known speed of light).

c is the known speed of light 299792.458 km/s, the speed of light in vacuum.

From the above equation we can solve for the unknown velocity:



So let’s insert the Moslem claims and see if their angels really accelerate up to the speed of light or not. Insert dates from this verse ‘The angels and the Spirit ascend to Him in a day, the measure of which is fifty thousand years’ into the formula:



v = c x 0.999999999999998498780258960404202

v = 299792.45799999954994564383561604 km / s


This time dilation (time difference) shows that angels indeed accelerate up to the speed of light (slightly less than c since they have mass). This can't be a coincidence because this is the same speed calculated from the previous lunar verse.

Moslems ask how could an illiterate man who lived 1400 years ago have figured out Time Dilation and the core of Relativity?





Tum mujhe yuN bhula na paogey
Jab kabhi bhi sunogey GEET mere
sang sang tum bhi gungunaoge[font=Verdana][size=7]
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kallubhai4u
post Dec 7 2005, 02:31 PM
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thnx everybody esp shakeel & jagdish. these days i don have much time but i'll post something soon. bye!
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Nimii
post Jul 29 2009, 01:03 PM
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ANY MORE INFO ON BLACK HOLES AND WORM HOLES. I FOUND SOME INTERESTING YOUTUBE VIDEOS.

MANDRAKE!!!!!!!!!!!!!! WHERE ARE THOUST?? biggrin.gif

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Mandrake
post Jul 29 2009, 01:57 PM
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Waiting in this worm hole for your return... time seems to have stopped still...

Self - belief is the most potent force.
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