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IDOL |
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#136
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![]() Dedicated Member ![]() Group: Members Posts: 5434 Joined: 24-January 05 From: Calgary, Canada Member No.: 1583 ![]() |
Dhondo Ge Agar Mulkon--- Queen Abida
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IDOL |
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#137
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![]() Dedicated Member ![]() Group: Members Posts: 5434 Joined: 24-January 05 From: Calgary, Canada Member No.: 1583 ![]() |
mohabat karne wale kam na honge......tere mehfil main lekin hum nahonge--------------Mehdi Hassan
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IDOL |
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#138
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![]() Dedicated Member ![]() Group: Members Posts: 5434 Joined: 24-January 05 From: Calgary, Canada Member No.: 1583 ![]() |
pyar bhare do sharmilie nain
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IDOL |
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#139
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![]() Dedicated Member ![]() Group: Members Posts: 5434 Joined: 24-January 05 From: Calgary, Canada Member No.: 1583 ![]() |
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IDOL |
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#140
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![]() Dedicated Member ![]() Group: Members Posts: 5434 Joined: 24-January 05 From: Calgary, Canada Member No.: 1583 ![]() |
illu,
i already know hindi/urdu ![]() ![]() .......................................................................
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iiluu |
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#141
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Member ![]() Group: Members Posts: 213 Joined: 26-October 05 Member No.: 3076 ![]() |
![]() nice.... "Languages of India" From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Indian languages" redirects here. For languages of Native Americans, see Indigenous languages of the Americas. The languages of India primarily belong to two major linguistic families, Indo-European (whose branch Indo-Aryan is spoken by about 70% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 22%). Other languages spoken in India come mainly from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families, as well as a few language isolates.[1] Map of South Asia in native languages.Individual mother tongues in India number several hundred[2] (SIL Ethnologue lists 415). According to Census of India of 2001, 29 languages are spoken by more than a million native speakers, 122 by more than 10,000. Three millennia of language contact has led to significant mutual influence among the four language families in India and South Asia. Two contact languages have played an important role in the history of India: Persian and English.[3] Sanskrit and Tamil are the classical languages of India according to the Government. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Language families 3 Classical languages of India 4 Official Languages 5 Writing systems 5.1 Romanization 6 Inventories 7 Footnotes and References 8 See also 9 External links [edit] History Main article: Linguistic history of India A bazaar in Andhra Pradesh with signs, from left to right, in Urdu, Hindi, Arabic, and English. Language families in South AsiaThe northern Indian languages from the Indo-European family evolved from Old Indo-Aryan such as Sanskrit, by way of the Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrit languages and Apabhramsha of the Middle Ages. There is no consensus for a specific time where the modern north Indian languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, and Bengali emerged, but CE 1000 is commonly accepted.[4] Each language had different influences, with Hindi/Urdu and closely related languages being strongly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The South Indian (Dravidian) languages had a history independent of Sanskrit. However in later stages all the Dravidian languages had been heavily influenced by Sanskrit. The major Dravidian languages are Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam. [edit] Language families The languages of India may be grouped by major language families. The largest of these in terms of speakers is the Indo-European family, predominantly represented in its Indo-Aryan branch (accounting for some 700 million speakers), but also including minority languages such as Persian, Portuguese or French, and English as lingua franca. The second largest is the Dravidian family, accounting for some 200 million speakers. Minor linguistic families include the Munda and Tibeto-Burman families (with some 9 and 6 million speakers, respectively). There is also a language isolate, the Nihali language. [edit] Classical languages of India Two classical languages, Tamil and Sanskrit, originated in India. Per a formal Declaration of the Indian government, Sanskrit and Tamil are the recognized as Classical Languages of India. In the mid-19th century, Indologists referred to Paninian Sanskrit as "classical Sanskrit," distinguishing it from the older Vedic language.[5][6][7] Robert Caldwell, the first linguist to systematically study the Dravidian languages as a family, used the term "classical" to distinguish the literary forms of Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam from the diglossic colloquial forms.[8] In the second half of the 20th century, academics began to suggest that the Old Tamil poems of the Sangam anthologies were also "classical" in the sense that they shared many features with literatures commonly accepted as classical. This point, first made by Kamil Zvelebil in the 1970s,[9] has since been supported by a number of other scholars,[10][11][12] and the terminology "classical Tamil" is commonly used in historical literature to refer to texts from that period.[13] Martha Ann Selby argues that if classicality is defined with reference to age and the value a literature has within the tradition it represents, the Tamil poetry of the Sangam anthologies and the Maharashtri poems of the Sattisai are "classical", in addition to Sanskrit literature.[14] In 2004, a new category was created by constitutional decree under which languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a 'classical' in India.[15] With the creation of this category, Tamil and, a year later, Sanskrit, have been accorded the status. More languages are being considered to be added to the list.[15] Experts consulted by the government and the Sahitya Academy of India, a literary body, recommended against awarding the tag to any language. Dr. George Hart, a Professor of Tamil at the University of California-Berkeley, supported classifying Tamil as a classical Language. [3] . [16] [edit] Official Languages Main article: Official languages of India Article 346 of the Indian Constitution recognises Hindi in Devanāgarī script as the official language of central government India. The Constitution also allows for the continuation of use of the English language for official purposes. Article 345 provides constitutional recognition to "Official languages" of the union to include any language adopted by a state legislature as the official language of that state. In effect, there are "Official Languages at the state and center level but no one "national language". Until the Twenty-First Amendment of the Constitution in 1967, the country recognised 14 official regional languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First Amendment provided for the inclusion of Sindhi, Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali, thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to 18 [17]. Individual states, whose borders are mostly drawn on socio-linguistic lines, are free to decide their own language for internal administration and education. In 2004, the government elevated Tamil.[18][19][20] to the newly created official status of "Classical Language", followed by Sanskrit[21] in 2005. The Constitution of India recognises 22 languages, spoken in different parts the country, namely Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Meitei, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Hindi is a official language of the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Tamil is a official language of Tamil_Nadu, Puducherry and Andamon nicobar islands. English is the co-official language of the Indian Union, and each of the several states mentioned above may also have another co-official language. > I know only one language and i love to learn it more and more.......... .. more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India ...
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IDOL |
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#142
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![]() Dedicated Member ![]() Group: Members Posts: 5434 Joined: 24-January 05 From: Calgary, Canada Member No.: 1583 ![]() |
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IDOL |
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#143
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![]() Dedicated Member ![]() Group: Members Posts: 5434 Joined: 24-January 05 From: Calgary, Canada Member No.: 1583 ![]() |
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